NestJS

NestJS 是一个用于构建高效、可扩展的 Node.js 服务器端应用程序的框架。它使用渐进式 JavaScript，使用 TypeScript 构建，并结合了 OOP（面向对象编程）、FP（函数式编程）和 FRP（函数式响应编程）的元素。

1. 基础概念

1.1 安装和创建项目

# 安装 CLI
npm install -g @nestjs/cli

# 创建新项目
nest new project-name

# 启动开发服务器
npm run start:dev

1.2 核心概念

1. Controllers（控制器）

// cats.controller.ts
import { Controller, Get, Post, Body } from '@nestjs/common';
import { CreateCatDto } from './dto/create-cat.dto';

@Controller('cats')
export class CatsController {
  @Get()
  findAll(): string {
    return 'This action returns all cats';
  }

  @Post()
  create(@Body() createCatDto: CreateCatDto) {
    return 'This action adds a new cat';
  }
}

2. Providers（提供者）

// cats.service.ts
import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
import { Cat } from './interfaces/cat.interface';

@Injectable()
export class CatsService {
  private readonly cats: Cat[] = [];

  create(cat: Cat) {
    this.cats.push(cat);
  }

  findAll(): Cat[] {
    return this.cats;
  }
}

3. Modules（模块）

// cats.module.ts
import { Module } from '@nestjs/common';
import { CatsController } from './cats.controller';
import { CatsService } from './cats.service';

@Module({
  controllers: [CatsController],
  providers: [CatsService],
  exports: [CatsService],
})
export class CatsModule {}

2. 高级特性

2.1 中间件

// logger.middleware.ts
import { Injectable, NestMiddleware } from '@nestjs/common';
import { Request, Response, NextFunction } from 'express';

@Injectable()
export class LoggerMiddleware implements NestMiddleware {
  use(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
    console.log('Request...');
    next();
  }
}

// app.module.ts
import { Module, NestModule, MiddlewareConsumer } from '@nestjs/common';
import { LoggerMiddleware } from './common/middleware/logger.middleware';
import { CatsModule } from './cats/cats.module';

@Module({
  imports: [CatsModule],
})
export class AppModule implements NestModule {
  configure(consumer: MiddlewareConsumer) {
    consumer
      .apply(LoggerMiddleware)
      .forRoutes('cats');
  }
}

2.2 异常过滤器

// http-exception.filter.ts
import { ExceptionFilter, Catch, ArgumentsHost, HttpException } from '@nestjs/common';
import { Request, Response } from 'express';

@Catch(HttpException)
export class HttpExceptionFilter implements ExceptionFilter {
  catch(exception: HttpException, host: ArgumentsHost) {
    const ctx = host.switchToHttp();
    const response = ctx.getResponse<Response>();
    const request = ctx.getRequest<Request>();
    const status = exception.getStatus();

    response
      .status(status)
      .json({
        statusCode: status,
        timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
        path: request.url,
      });
  }
}

2.3 管道

// validation.pipe.ts
import { PipeTransform, Injectable, ArgumentMetadata, BadRequestException } from '@nestjs/common';
import { validate } from 'class-validator';
import { plainToClass } from 'class-transformer';

@Injectable()
export class ValidationPipe implements PipeTransform<any> {
  async transform(value: any, { metatype }: ArgumentMetadata) {
    if (!metatype || !this.toValidate(metatype)) {
      return value;
    }
    const object = plainToClass(metatype, value);
    const errors = await validate(object);
    if (errors.length > 0) {
      throw new BadRequestException('Validation failed');
    }
    return value;
  }

  private toValidate(metatype: Function): boolean {
    const types: Function[] = [String, Boolean, Number, Array, Object];
    return !types.includes(metatype);
  }
}

2.4 守卫

// auth.guard.ts
import { Injectable, CanActivate, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

@Injectable()
export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {
  canActivate(
    context: ExecutionContext,
  ): boolean | Promise<boolean> | Observable<boolean> {
    const request = context.switchToHttp().getRequest();
    return this.validateRequest(request);
  }

  private validateRequest(request: any): boolean {
    return true; // 在这里实现实际的验证逻辑
  }
}

3. 数据库集成

3.1 TypeORM 集成

// app.module.ts
import { Module } from '@nestjs/common';
import { TypeOrmModule } from '@nestjs/typeorm';

@Module({
  imports: [
    TypeOrmModule.forRoot({
      type: 'mysql',
      host: 'localhost',
      port: 3306,
      username: 'root',
      password: 'root',
      database: 'test',
      entities: [__dirname + '/**/*.entity{.ts,.js}'],
      synchronize: true,
    }),
  ],
})
export class AppModule {}

// user.entity.ts
import { Entity, Column, PrimaryGeneratedColumn } from 'typeorm';

@Entity()
export class User {
  @PrimaryGeneratedColumn()
  id: number;

  @Column()
  firstName: string;

  @Column()
  lastName: string;
}

3.2 Mongoose 集成

// app.module.ts
import { Module } from '@nestjs/common';
import { MongooseModule } from '@nestjs/mongoose';

@Module({
  imports: [
    MongooseModule.forRoot('mongodb://localhost/nest'),
  ],
})
export class AppModule {}

// cat.schema.ts
import { Prop, Schema, SchemaFactory } from '@nestjs/mongoose';
import { Document } from 'mongoose';

export type CatDocument = Cat & Document;

@Schema()
export class Cat {
  @Prop()
  name: string;

  @Prop()
  age: number;

  @Prop()
  breed: string;
}

export const CatSchema = SchemaFactory.createForClass(Cat);

4. 微服务

4.1 基本配置

// main.ts
import { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';
import { Transport, MicroserviceOptions } from '@nestjs/microservices';
import { AppModule } from './app.module';

async function bootstrap() {
  const app = await NestFactory.createMicroservice<MicroserviceOptions>(
    AppModule,
    {
      transport: Transport.TCP,
      options: {
        host: 'localhost',
        port: 3001,
      },
    },
  );
  await app.listen();
}
bootstrap();

4.2 消息模式

// math.controller.ts
import { Controller } from '@nestjs/common';
import { MessagePattern, EventPattern } from '@nestjs/microservices';

@Controller()
export class MathController {
  @MessagePattern({ cmd: 'sum' })
  async sum(data: number[]): Promise<number> {
    return (data || []).reduce((a, b) => a + b);
  }

  @EventPattern('user_created')
  async handleUserCreated(data: Record<string, unknown>) {
    // 处理用户创建事件
  }
}

5. 测试

5.1 单元测试

// cats.controller.spec.ts
import { Test, TestingModule } from '@nestjs/testing';
import { CatsController } from './cats.controller';
import { CatsService } from './cats.service';

describe('CatsController', () => {
  let controller: CatsController;
  let service: CatsService;

  beforeEach(async () => {
    const module: TestingModule = await Test.createTestingModule({
      controllers: [CatsController],
      providers: [CatsService],
    }).compile();

    controller = module.get<CatsController>(CatsController);
    service = module.get<CatsService>(CatsService);
  });

  describe('findAll', () => {
    it('should return an array of cats', async () => {
      const result = ['test'];
      jest.spyOn(service, 'findAll').mockImplementation(() => result);

      expect(await controller.findAll()).toBe(result);
    });
  });
});

5.2 E2E 测试

// app.e2e-spec.ts
import { Test, TestingModule } from '@nestjs/testing';
import { INestApplication } from '@nestjs/common';
import * as request from 'supertest';
import { AppModule } from './../src/app.module';

describe('AppController (e2e)', () => {
  let app: INestApplication;

  beforeEach(async () => {
    const moduleFixture: TestingModule = await Test.createTestingModule({
      imports: [AppModule],
    }).compile();

    app = moduleFixture.createNestApplication();
    await app.init();
  });

  it('/ (GET)', () => {
    return request(app.getHttpServer())
      .get('/')
      .expect(200)
      .expect('Hello World!');
  });
});

6. 安全性

6.1 认证

// auth.service.ts
import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
import { JwtService } from '@nestjs/jwt';
import { UsersService } from '../users/users.service';

@Injectable()
export class AuthService {
  constructor(
    private usersService: UsersService,
    private jwtService: JwtService,
  ) {}

  async validateUser(username: string, pass: string): Promise<any> {
    const user = await this.usersService.findOne(username);
    if (user && user.password === pass) {
      const { password, ...result } = user;
      return result;
    }
    return null;
  }

  async login(user: any) {
    const payload = { username: user.username, sub: user.userId };
    return {
      access_token: this.jwtService.sign(payload),
    };
  }
}

6.2 授权

// roles.guard.ts
import { Injectable, CanActivate, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
import { Reflector } from '@nestjs/core';

@Injectable()
export class RolesGuard implements CanActivate {
  constructor(private reflector: Reflector) {}

  canActivate(context: ExecutionContext): boolean {
    const roles = this.reflector.get<string[]>('roles', context.getHandler());
    if (!roles) {
      return true;
    }
    const request = context.switchToHttp().getRequest();
    const user = request.user;
    return this.matchRoles(roles, user.roles);
  }

  private matchRoles(roles: string[], userRoles: string[]): boolean {
    return roles.some(role => userRoles.includes(role));
  }
}

7. 部署

7.1 生产环境配置

// main.ts
import { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';
import { AppModule } from './app.module';
import { ValidationPipe } from '@nestjs/common';
import * as helmet from 'helmet';
import * as compression from 'compression';

async function bootstrap() {
  const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
  
  // 全局管道
  app.useGlobalPipes(new ValidationPipe());
  
  // 安全中间件
  app.use(helmet());
  
  // 压缩
  app.use(compression());
  
  // CORS
  app.enableCors();
  
  await app.listen(3000);
}
bootstrap();

7.2 PM2 配置

// ecosystem.config.js
module.exports = {
  apps: [{
    name: 'nest-app',
    script: 'dist/main.js',
    instances: 'max',
    autorestart: true,
    watch: false,
    max_memory_restart: '1G',
    env: {
      NODE_ENV: 'development'
    },
    env_production: {
      NODE_ENV: 'production'
    }
  }]
};

参考资源

• NestJS 官方文档
• NestJS GitHub
• NestJS 示例
• NestJS 课程